There are various operators supported by each shell. We will discuss in detail about Bourne shell (default shell) in this chapter.
We will now discuss the following operators −
- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Boolean Operators
- String Operators
- File Test Operators
Bourne shell didn’t originally have any mechanism to perform simple arithmetic operations but it uses external programs, either awk or expr.
The following example shows how to add two numbers −
#!/bin/sh val=`expr 2 + 2` echo "Total value : $val"
The above script will generate the following result −
Total value : 4
The following points need to be considered while adding −
- There must be spaces between operators and expressions. For example, 2+2 is not correct; it should be written as 2 + 2.
- The complete expression should be enclosed between ‘ ‘, called the backtick.
Arithmetic Operators
The following arithmetic operators are supported by Bourne Shell.
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then −
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| + (Addition) | Adds values on either side of the operator | `expr $a + $b` will give 30 |
| – (Subtraction) | Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand | `expr $a – $b` will give -10 |
| * (Multiplication) | Multiplies values on either side of the operator | `expr $a * $b` will give 200 |
| / (Division) | Divides left hand operand by right hand operand | `expr $b / $a` will give 2 |
| % (Modulus) | Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder | `expr $b % $a` will give 0 |
| = (Assignment) | Assigns right operand in left operand | a = $b would assign value of b into a |
| == (Equality) | Compares two numbers, if both are same then returns true. | [ $a == $b ] would return false. |
| != (Not Equality) | Compares two numbers, if both are different then returns true. | [ $a != $b ] would return true. |
It is very important to understand that all the conditional expressions should be inside square braces with spaces around them, for example [ $a == $b ] is correct whereas, [$a==$b] is incorrect.
All the arithmetical calculations are done using long integers.
Relational Operators
Bourne Shell supports the following relational operators that are specific to numeric values. These operators do not work for string values unless their value is numeric.
For example, following operators will work to check a relation between 10 and 20 as well as in between “10” and “20” but not in between “ten” and “twenty”.
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then −
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -eq | Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ $a -eq $b ] is not true. |
| -ne | Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not; if values are not equal, then the condition becomes true. | [ $a -ne $b ] is true. |
| -gt | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ $a -gt $b ] is not true. |
| -lt | Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ $a -lt $b ] is true. |
| -ge | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ $a -ge $b ] is not true. |
| -le | Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ $a -le $b ] is true. |
It is very important to understand that all the conditional expressions should be placed inside square braces with spaces around them. For example, [ $a <= $b ] is correct whereas, [$a <= $b] is incorrect.
Boolean Operators
The following Boolean operators are supported by the Bourne Shell.
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then −
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ! | This is logical negation. This inverts a true condition into false and vice versa. | [ ! false ] is true. |
| -o | This is logical OR. If one of the operands is true, then the condition becomes true. | [ $a -lt 20 -o $b -gt 100 ] is true. |
| -a | This is logical AND. If both the operands are true, then the condition becomes true otherwise false. | [ $a -lt 20 -a $b -gt 100 ] is false. |
String Operators
The following string operators are supported by Bourne Shell.
Assume variable a holds “abc” and variable b holds “efg” then −
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| = | Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ $a = $b ] is not true. |
| != | Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not; if values are not equal then the condition becomes true. | [ $a != $b ] is true. |
| -z | Checks if the given string operand size is zero; if it is zero length, then it returns true. | [ -z $a ] is not true. |
| -n | Checks if the given string operand size is non-zero; if it is nonzero length, then it returns true. | [ -n $a ] is not false. |
| str | Checks if str is not the empty string; if it is empty, then it returns false. | [ $a ] is not false. |
File Test Operators
We have a few operators that can be used to test various properties associated with a Unix file.
Assume a variable file holds an existing file name “test” the size of which is 100 bytes and has read, write and execute permission on −
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -b file | Checks if file is a block special file; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ -b $file ] is false. |
| -c file | Checks if file is a character special file; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ -c $file ] is false. |
| -d file | Checks if file is a directory; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ -d $file ] is not true. |
| -f file | Checks if file is an ordinary file as opposed to a directory or special file; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ -f $file ] is true. |
| -g file | Checks if file has its set group ID (SGID) bit set; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ -g $file ] is false. |
| -k file | Checks if file has its sticky bit set; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ -k $file ] is false. |
| -p file | Checks if file is a named pipe; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ -p $file ] is false. |
| -t file | Checks if file descriptor is open and associated with a terminal; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ -t $file ] is false. |
| -u file | Checks if file has its Set User ID (SUID) bit set; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ -u $file ] is false. |
| -r file | Checks if file is readable; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ -r $file ] is true. |
| -w file | Checks if file is writable; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ -w $file ] is true. |
| -x file | Checks if file is executable; if yes, then the condition becomes true. | [ -x $file ] is true. |
| -s file | Checks if file has size greater than 0; if yes, then condition becomes true. | [ -s $file ] is true. |
| -e file | Checks if file exists; is true even if file is a directory but exists. | [ -e $file ] is true. |
C Shell Operators
Operators are listed in the order of decreasing precedence −
Arithmetic and Logical Operators
The following table lists out a few Arithmetic and Logical Operators −
| Sr.No. | Operator & Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | ( ) Change precedence |
| 2 | ~ 1’s complement |
| 3 | ! Logical negation |
| 4 | * Multiply |
| 5 | / Divide |
| 6 | % Modulo |
| 7 | + Add |
| 8 | – Subtract |
| 9 | << Left shift |
| 10 | >> Right shift |
| 11 | == String comparison for equality |
| 12 | != String comparison for non equality |
| 13 | =~ Pattern matching |
| 14 | & Bitwise “and” |
| 15 | ^ Bitwise “exclusive or” |
| 16 | | Bitwise “inclusive or” |
| 17 | && Logical “and” |
| 18 | || Logical “or” |
| 19 | ++ Increment |
| 20 | — Decrement |
| 21 | = Assignment |
| 22 | *= Multiply left side by right side and update left side |
| 23 | /= Divide left side by right side and update left side |
| 24 | += Add left side to right side and update left side |
| 25 | -= Subtract left side from right side and update left side |
| 26 | ^= “Exclusive or” left side to right side and update left side |
| 27 | %= Divide left by right side and update left side with remainder |
File Test Operators
The following operators test various properties associated with a Unix file.
| Sr.No. | Operator & Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | -r file Checks if file is readable; if yes, then the condition becomes true. |
| 2 | -w file Checks if file is writable; if yes, then the condition becomes true. |
| 3 | -x file Checks if file is executable; if yes, then the condition becomes true. |
| 4 | -f file Checks if file is an ordinary file as opposed to a directory or special file; if yes, then the condition becomes true. |
| 5 | -z file Checks if file has size greater than 0; if yes, then the condition becomes true. |
| 6 | -d file Checks if file is a directory; if yes, then the condition becomes true. |
| 7 | -e file Checks if file exists; is true even if file is a directory but exists. |
| 8 | -o file Checks if user owns the file; returns true if the user is the owner of the file. |
Korn Shell Operators
Most of the operators are very similar to what we have in the C Programming language.
Operators are listed in the order of decreasing precedence −
Arithmatic and Logical Operators
| Sr.No. | Operator & Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | + Unary plus |
| 2 | – Unary minus |
| 3 | !~ Logical negation; binary inversion (one’s complement) |
| 4 | * Multiply |
| 5 | / Divide |
| 6 | % Modulo |
| 7 | + Add |
| 8 | – Subtract |
| 9 | << Left shift |
| 10 | >> Right shift |
| 11 | == String comparison for equality |
| 12 | != String comparison for non-equality |
| 13 | =~ Pattern matching |
| 14 | & Bitwise “and” |
| 15 | ^ Bitwise “exclusive or” |
| 16 | | Bitwise “inclusive or” |
| 17 | && Logical “and” |
| 18 | || Logical “or” |
| 19 | ++ Increment |
| 20 | — Decrement |
| 21 | = Assignment |
File Test Operators
Following operators test various properties associated with a Unix file.
| Sr.No. | Operator & Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | -r file Checks if file is readable; if yes, then the condition becomes true. |
| 2 | -w file Checks if file is writable; if yes, then the condition becomes true. |
| 3 | -x file Checks if file is executable; if yes, then the condition becomes true. |
| 4 | -f file Checks if file is an ordinary file as opposed to a directory or special file; if yes, then the condition becomes true. |
| 5 | -s file Checks if file has size greater than 0; if yes, then the condition becomes true. |
| 6 | -d file Checks if file is a directory; if yes, then the condition becomes true. |
| 7 | -e file Checks if file exists; is true even if file is a directory but exists. |
