NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Topics and Subtopics in NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter:

Section Name	Topic Name
11	Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
11.1	Introduction
11.2	Electron Emission
11.3	Photoelectric Effect
11.4	Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
11.5	Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
11.6	Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
11.7	Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
11.8	Wave Nature of Matter
11.9	Davisson and Germer Experiment

Question 1.
Find the
(a) maximum frequency, and
(b) minimum wavelength of X-rays produced by 30 kV electrons.
Answer:

Question 2.
The work function of caesium metal is 2.14 eV. When light of frequency 6 x 10¹⁴ Hz is incident on the metal surface, photo emission of electrons occurs. What is the
(а)   maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons,
(b)   stopping potential, and
(c) maximum speed of the emitted photo electrons ?
Answer:

Question 3.
The photoelectric cut-off voltage in a certain experiment is 1.5 V. What is the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted ?
Answer:
Here, V = 1.5 V
Maximum kinetic energy. (K.E.)_max
= eV = 1.6 X 10-¹⁹ X 1.5
= 2.4 x 10-¹⁹ J

Question 4.
Monochromatic light of wavelength 632.8 nm is produced by a helium-neon laser. The power emitted is 9.42 mW.
(a) Find the energy and momentum of each photon in the light beam.
(b) How many photons per second, on the average, arrive at a target irradiated by this beam ? (Assume the beam to have uniform cross-section which is less than the target area), and
(c) How fast does a hydrogen atom have to travel in order to have the same momentum as that of the photon ?
Answer:
Given, λ = 632.8 nm = 632.8 x 10^-9m
Power, P = 9.42 mW = 9.42 x 10^-3 W


Question 5.
The energy flux of sunlight reaching the surface of the earth is 1.388 x 10³ W/m². How many photons (nearly) per square meter are incident on the Earth per second? Assume that the photons in the sunlight have an average wavelength of 550 nm.
Answer:

Question 6.
In an experiment on photoelectric effect, the slope of the cut-off voltage versus frequency of incident light is found to be 4.12 x 10^-15 V s. Calculate the value of Planck’s constant.
Answer:

Question 7.
A 100 W sodium lamp radiates energy uniformly in all directions. The lamp is located at the center of a large sphere that absorbs all the sodium light which is incident on it. The wavelength of the sodium light is 589 nm.
(a) What is the energy per photon associated with the sodium light ?
(b) At what rate are the photons delivered to the sphere ?
Answer:
Power of sodium lamp,
P = 100 W

Question 8.
The threshold frequency for a certain metal is 3.3 x 10¹⁴ Hz. If light of frequency
8.2 x 10¹⁴ Hz is incident on the metal, predict the cut-off voltage for the photoelectric emission.
Answer:

Question 9.
The work function for a certain metal is 4.2 eV. Will this metal give photoelectric emission for incident radiation of wavelength 330 nm ?
Answer:

Since energy of incident radiation less than the work function (4.2 eV) of the metal, therefore, the photoelectric emission can not take place from the given metal. 11.10.

Question 10.
Light of frequency 7.21 x 10¹⁴ Hz is incident on a metal surface. Electrons with a maximum speed of 6.0 x 10⁵ m/s are ejected from the surface. What is the threshold frequency for photo emission of electrons ?
Answer:
Using the relation

Question 11.
Light of wavelength 488 nm is produced by an argon laser which is used in the photoelectric effect. When light from this spectral line is incident on the cathode, the stopping (cut-off) potential of photo electrons is 0.38 V. Find the work function of the material from which the cathode is made.
Answer:

Question 12.
Calculate the
(a) momentum, and
(b) de Broglie wavelength of the electrons accelerated through a potential difference of 56 V.
Answer:
Given V = 56 V.
(a) momentum of the electron

Question 13.
What is the
(a) momentum,
(b) speed, and
(c) de Broglie wavelength of an electron with kinetic energy of 120 eV ?
Answer:
Here, E = 120 eV = 120 x 1.6 x 10^-19J
= 1.92 x 10-¹⁷ J

Question 14.
The wavelength of light from the spectral emission line of sodium is 589 nm. Find the kinetic energy at which
(a) an electron, and
(b) a neutron, would have the same de Broglie wavelength.
Answer:

Question 15.
What is the de Broglie wavelength of
(a) a bullet of mass 0.040 kg travelling at the speed of 1.0 km/s,
(b) a ball of mass 0.060 kg moving at a speed of 1.0 m/s, and
(c) a dust particle of mass 1.0 x 10^-9 kg drifting with a speed of 2.2 m/s ?
Answer:
(a) Here, m = 0.040 kg and υ = 1.0 km/s .
= 1000 m/s

Question 16.
An electron and a photon each have a wavelength of 100 nm. Find
(a) their momenta,
(b) the energy of the photon, and
(c) the kinetic energy of electron.
Answer:

Question 17.
(a) For what kinetic energy of a neutron will the associated de Broglie wavelength be
1.40 x 10-¹⁰ m?  (C.B.S.E. 2008)
(b) Also find the de Broglie wavelength of a neutron, in thermal equilibrium with matter, having an average kinetic energy of 32 kT at 300 K.
Answer:
(a) Here λ = 1.40 x 10^-10m
Also, h = 6.63 X 10^-34 Js
and m = 1.67 x 10^-27kg



Question 18.
Show that the wavelength of electromagnetic radiaion is equal to the de Broglie wavelength of its quantum (photon).
Answer:

Question 19.
What is the de Broglie wavelength of a nitrogen molecule in air at 300 K ? Assume that the molecule is moving with the root mean square speed of molecules at this temperature. (Atomic mass of nitrogen = 14.0076 u)
Answer:
For nitrogen,


Question 20.
(a) Estimate the speed with which electrons emitted from a heated cathode of an evacuated tube impinge on the anode maintained at a potential difference of 500 V with respect to the cathode. Ignore the small initial speeds of the electrons. The ‘specific charge’ of the electron i.e., its elm is given to be 1.76 x 10¹¹ C kg^-1.
(b) Use the same formula you employ in
(a) to obtain electron speed for an anode potential of 10 MV. Do you see what is
wrong ? In what way is the formula to be modified ?
Answer:




Question 21.
(a) A monoenergetic electron beam with electron speed of 5.20 x 10⁶ ms^-1 is subject to a magnetic field of l.30 x 10^-4 T normal to the beam velocity. What is the radius of the circle traced by the beam, given elm for electron equals 1.76 X 10¹¹ C kg^-1.
(b) Is the formula you employ in
(a) valid for calculating radius of the path of a 20 MeV electron beam ? If not, in what way is it modified ?
Answer:
(a) υ  = 5.20 x 10⁶ms^_1
B = 1.30 x 10 ⁴T

(b) The formula employed in part (a) is not valid because with the increase in velocity, mass varies and in the above formula we have taken m as constant. Instead, m

Question 22.
An electron gun with its anode at a potential of 100 V fires out electrons in a spherical bulb containing hydrogen gas at low pressure (~ 10^-2 mm of Hg). A magnetic field of
2.83 X 10 ⁴ T curves the path of the electrons in a circular orbit of radius 12.0 cm. (The path can be viewed because the gas ions in the path focus the beam by attracting electrons, and emitting light by electron capture ; this method is known as the ‘fine beam tube’ method.) Determine e/m from the data.
Answer:

Question 23.
(a) An X-ray tube produces a continuous spectrum of radiation with its short wavelength end at (45 Å. What is the maximum energy of a photon in the radiation ?
(b) From your answer to (a), guess what order of accelerating voltage (for electrons) is required in such a tube.
Answer:

Question 24.
In an accelerator experiment on high-energy collisions of electrons with positrons, a certain event is interpreted as annihilation of an electron- positron pair of total energy 10.2 BeV into two y-rays of equal energy. What is the wavelength associated with each γ-ray ?   (1 BeV = 10⁹ eV)
Answer:
Energy carried by the pair of γ-rays = 10 .2 BeV
Energy of each γ ray is

Question 25.
Estimating the following two numbers should be interesting. The first number will tell you why radio engineers do not need to worry much about photons ! The second number tells you why our eye can never ‘count photons’, even in barely detectable light.
(a) The number of photons emitted per second by a Medium wave transmitter of 10 kW power, emitting radiowaves of wavelength 500 m.
(b) The number of photons entering the pupil of our eye per second corresponding to the minimum intensity of white light that we humans can perceive (~ 10^_1° W m^-2). Take the area of the pupil to be about 0.4 cm², and the average frequency of white light to be about 6 x 10¹⁴
Answer:


This is quite a small number, but still large enough to be counted.
Comparison of cases (a) and (b) tells us that our eye can not count the number of photons individually.

Question 26.
Ultraviolet light of wavelength 2271 A from a 100 W mercury source irradiates a photo-cell made of molybdenum metal. If the stopping potential is -1.3 V, estimate the work function of the metal. How would the photo-cell respond to a high intensity
(~ 10^s W m^-2) red light of wavelength 6328 A produced by a He-Ne laser ?
[C.B.S.E. 2005, UC, 13]
Answer:

Since the energy of red photon is less than the work function for the metal, photo cell does not respond to red light.

Question 27.
Monochromatic radiation of wavelength 640.2 nm (1 nm = 10^-9 m) from a neon lamp irradiates photosensitive material made of caesium or tungsten. The stopping voltage is measured to be 0.54 V. The source is replaced by an iron source and its 427.2 nm line irradiates the same photo-cell. Predict the new stopping voltage.
Answer:

Question 28.
A mercury lamp is a convenient source for studying frequency dependence of photoelectric emission, since it gives a number of spectral lines ranging from the UV to the red end of the visible spectrum. In our experiment with rubidium photo-cell, the following lines from a mercury source were used :
λ_x = 3650 Å, λ₂ = 4047 Å, λ₃ = 4358 Å, λ₄ = 5461 Å, λ₅ = 6907 Å.
The stopping voltages, respectively, were measured to be :
V₀₁ = 1.28 V, V₀₂ = 0.95 V, f₀₃ = 0.74 V, = 0.16 V,V₀₅ = 0 V
(a) Determine the value of Planck’s constant
(b) Estimate the threshold frequency and work function for the material.
Answer:
(a) From the Einstein photoelectric equation,




Question 29.
The work function for the following metals is given : Na : 2.75 eV ; K : 2.30 eV ; Mo : 417 eV ; Ni: 515 eV. Which of these metals will not give photoelectric emission for a radiation of wavelength 3300 Å from a He-Cd laser placed 1 m away from the photocell ? What happens if the laser is brought nearer and placed 50 cm away ? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
Here, λ = 3300 A = 3300 x 10^-10 m
Distance, r’ = 1 m and r’ = 50 cm = 0.5 m
Using the relation

Since the energy E of the incident photon of light is less than the work functions of Mo and Ni metals, so photoelectric emission will not occur in Mo and Ni. The distance of the source does not increase or decrease the energy of the photon of light incident, therefore, the energy of electrons ejected will not change but the intensity of ejected electrons will increase (1 α 1/r² ) and become four times.

Question 30.
Light of intensity 10^-5 W m^-2 falls on a sodium photo­cell of surface area 2 cm². Assuming that the top 5 layers of sodium absorb the incident energy, estimate time required for photoelectric emission in the wave- picture of radiation. The work function for the metal is given to be about 2 eV. What is the implication of your answer ?
Answer:
A = 2 cm² = 2 x 10^-4 m²
φ = 2eV = 2 x 1.6 x 10^-19 J
= 3.2 X 10^-19  J.
Taking the approximate radius of an atom as 10^-10 m. the effective area of sodium atom is ≈ r² = 10^-20 m.
.’. If there is one free electron per atom, then number of electrons in five layers


The answer obtained implies that the time of emission of electron is very large and is not in agreement with the observed time of emission, which is approximately 10 ⁹ s. Thus wave-picture of radiation is not applicable for photo-electric emission.

Question 31.
Crystal diffraction experiments can be performed using X-rays, or electrons accelerated through appropriate voltage. Which probe has greater energy ? (For quantitative comparison, take the wavelength of the probe equal to 1 Å which is of the order of inter-atomic spacing in the lattice) (m_e = 9.11 x 10^­-31 kg).
Answer:

Clearly, the energy of photon is much greater than the energy of electron.

Question 32.
(a) Obtain the de Broglie wavelength of a neutron of kinetic energy 150 eV. As you have seen in Exercise 44, an electron beam of this energy is suitable for crystal diffraction experiments. Would a neutron beam of the same energy be equally suitable ?
Explain. (m_n = 1.675 x 10^-27 kg).
(b) Obtain the de Broglie wavelength associated with thermal neutrons at room temperature (27°C). Hence explain why a fast neutron beam needs to be thermalised with the environment before it can be used for neutron diffraction experiments.
Answer:

This wavelength is about hundred times smaller than the interatomic separation of crystals. Thus, neutrons are not suitable for diffraction experiments in case of crystals.

This wavelength is comparable to the interatomic spacing of crystals. Therefore, thermal electrons are able to interact with the crystal. Since

increasing the temperature, decreases their de Broglie wavelength and they become unsuitable for crystal diffraction. Thus, the fast beam of neutrons needs to be thermalised with the environment for neutron diffraction experiment.

Question 33.
An electron microscope uses electrons accelerated by a voltage of 50 kV. Determine the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electrons. If other factors (such as numerical aperture, etc.) are taken to be roughly the same, how does the resolving power of an electron microscope compare with that of an optical microscope which uses yellow
light ?
Answer:



Question 34.
The wavelength of a probe is roughly a measure of the size of a structure that it can probe in some detail. The quark structure of protons and neutrons appears at the minute length-scale of 10^-15 m or less. This structure was first probed in early 1970’s using high energy electron beams produced by a linear accelerator at Stanford, USA. Guess what might have been the order of energy of these electron beams. (Rest mass energy of electron = 0.511 MeV).
Answer:

Thus, the energy of the proton ejected out of the linear accelerator is of the order of BeV.

Question 35.
Find the typical de Broglie wavelength associated with a He atom in helium gas at room temperature (27 °C) and 1 atm pressure ; and compare it with the mean separation between two atoms under these conditions.
Answer:
Here T = 27 °C = 27 + 273 = 300 K
P = 1 atm = 1.01 x 10⁵ Nm^-2
Also, mass of helium atom,


Question 36.
Compute the typical de Broglie wavelength of an electron in a metal at 27°C and compare it with the mean separation between two electrons in a metal which is given to be about 2 x 10^_10 m.
Answer:
Here, T = 27°C = 27 + 273 = 300 K


Question 37.
Answer the following questions :
(a) Quarks inside protons and neutrons are thought to carry fractional charges [(+2/3) e; (- l/3)e]. Why do they not show up in *Millikan’s oil-drop experiment?
(b) What is so special about the combination elm ? Why do we not simply talk of e and m separately ?
(c) Why should gases be insulators at ordinary pressures and start conducting at very low pressures ?
(d) Every metal has a definite work function. Why do all photoelectrons not come out with the same energy if incident radiation is monochromatic ? Why is there an energy distribution of photoelectrons ?
(e) The energy and momentum of an electron are related to the frequency and wavelength of the associated matter wave by the relations :

Answer:
(a) In case of the Millikan oil drop experiment, the charge on the electron is measured. The electron revolve outside the nucleus and each has a charge e. Thus, we do not observe the fractional charges

(c) At ordinary pressure, molecules of gas keep on colliding with each other and the ions formed do not have a chance to reach the respective electrodes to constitute a current because of their recombination. At low pressure, however, ions do not collide frequently and are able to reach the respective electrodes to constitute a current.
(d) Work function in fact is the energy required to knock out the electron from highest filled level of conduction band of an emitter. In the conduction band, there are different energy levels which collectively form a continuous band of levels. Therefore, different amounts of energy are required to bring the electrons out of the different levels. Electrons emitted have different kinetic energies according to the energy supplied to the emitter.
(e) Since frequency for a given matter wave remains constant for different layers of the matter but wavelength changes so X is more significant than v.
Similarly energy E = hv = 12 m(λv)² is also constant for a given matter wave so phase λv is also not physically significant.